In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mostly due to deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, used to be a raw material Original melt (Czochralski technique) [186]. Accordingly, based on its generation technological innovation, niobium pentoxide can adopt a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. So, https://-lithiumniobatecrystal08518.activablog.com/31708907/the-single-best-strategy-to-use-for-lithium-niobate-crystal